Saw.



No. 853,255. PATENTED MAY 14, 1907.

' W. A. MILLER.

SAW.

APPLIOATIOH IILED JULY 26, 1904.

. 4 SHEETS-SHEET 1.

WLL IAM AM/L LER amp PATENTED MAY 14, 1907.

W. A. MILLER.

SAW.

APPLICATION FILED JULY 26, 1904.

4 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

34441214 601 Vv/LL/AM /4. M/LLE/Q.

No. 853,255. 'PATENTED MAY 14, 1907.

W. A. MILLER.

SAW.

APPLIUATION FILED JULY 26, 1904.

4 SHEETS-SHEET a.

PATENTED MAY 14, 1907. w. A. MILLER.

SAW.

APPLICATION FILED JULY 26, 1904.

4 SHEETS-SHEET 4.

WLL m M A. MILL ER.

I WOW UNITED STATES:

PATENT OFFICE.

WILLIAM A..M]LLER, OF WAlINITIA, OREGON.

SAW

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented May 14, 1907.

Application filed July 26, 1904. Serial No. 218,235.

To all whom it may concern.-

Be it known that I, WILLIAM A. MILLER, a citizen of the United States, residing at Wapinitia, in the, county of Wasco and State of Oregon, have invented certain new and useful improvements in Saws; and I do hereby declare the following to be a full, clear, and exact description of the invention, such as will enable others skilled in the art-to which.

it appertains to m'akeand use the same.

My invention relates to improvements in saws, more especially cross-cut saws.

Cross-cut saws are made of spring steel of not very high temper, so as to permit their cutting teeth to be bent or set in opposite lat eral directions, which causes them to cut kerfs wider than the thicknesses of theirblades, in order to afford clearance for the same, thereby reducing friction as much as may be practicable whenat work. They may be provided solely with cutting teeth or' track clearing teeth may be interspersed at suitable intervals among said cutting teeth.

The value of a cross-cut saw depends largely upon the ease and rapidity with which it will penetrate, cut away and remove the wood from the bottom of a kerf and in addition to these, as viewed by many Sawyers, especially among those who hire their saws sharpened, its value is enhanced relatively in proportion to the amount of work which can be done with it before requiring resharpening. A saw which will give reasonab good service in its third days use after it has been sharpened is evidently more valuable than one which will not do reasonably good Work after about two days use without resharpening.

It is well known that in most kinds of tim ber, coarse saws will out faster. and do a good deal larger amount of-work, in a more satisfactory manner, without being resharpened, than fine saws will. For these reasons,

many sawyers prefer to use what are known in the market as "coarse toothed saws.

However, this style of expression is somewhat misleading, as it frequently has reference to the distance that the teeth or pairs of teeth lie a art, from center to center along the edgeo the blade, rather than to the sizes of the teeth themselves. The wider a art the points of the cutting teeth are space up to the limit of practicability, the more cs1- tive becomes the penetrative action 0 the saw, while the nearer together said points are formed, other things being equal, the less positive its enetrative action will become, especially with extended use. To illustrate: If a straight edged saw, provided with twelve cutting points to the foot, was at Work in a kerf one foot long, there would be double the number of points opposed to the entrance of the saw into the uncut wood at the bottom of kerf than if the saw had only six cutting points to the foot. In the former case the saw would run steadier and cut smoother and if its teeth were always kept positively sharp it would do a good average amount of work, but, on account of its teeth becoming dull, its penetrative power would deteriorate more rapidly in proportion to the amount of work done, than it would in the latter. This statement is somewhat paradoxical, but it can be proven true by actual test.

The ends sought by my invention, are. to combinejn one saw, as far as may be practicable, the ositive penetrative qualities of the so-called coarse toothed, saws now in common use with the steadier running and smoother cutting qualities of finer toothed saws.

It also contemplates the making of the saw relatively coarser or'finer, by providing In the accompanying drawings, the different forms of my saw shown are all based on the same general principles, involving essentially the projecting of pairs of cutting teeth beyond the level of like intervening teeth, thus constituting salient cutting teeth.

Figure 1 is a side view of a portion of a saw havlng three grades or lengths of cutting teeth and no clearing teeth. Fig. 2 is a similar view of a saw having the same grades of cutting teeth but one less'of the shorter grade in each set or group. Fig. 3 is a similar view of a saw having only two grades of cutting teeth and no clearing teeth. Fig. 4 is a side view of a portlon of a saw having three grades of cutting teeth and main clearing teeth of one grade having auxiliary points operatin in a ifferent grade. Fig. 4 is a longitudina edge view of the portion of a saw shown in Fig. 4. Fig. 5 is a side view of a portion of a saw having two grades of cutting teeth, and one grade of clearing teeth. Fig. 6 is a similar vlew of a saw having two grades of cutting teeth and two grades of main clearing teeth, the main clearing teeth of one rade having auxiliary points of another grade. a similar view of a saw having two grades of cutting teeth and main clearing teeth of one grade having auxiliary points of another grade. Fig. 8 is a similar view of a saw having two grades of cuttin teeth and one grade of sin 1e clearing teeth but which differs from t at shown in Fig. 5 in that less of the shorter teeth are employed in each set or group. Fig. 9 is a similar view of a saw having the same combination of teeth as that shown in Fig. 7, except that a less number of shorter cuttin teeth are used. Fig. 10 is a similar view 0 a saw having the same combination of teeth as that shown in Fig. 8 but with still less of the shorter teeth. Fig. 11 is a similar view of a saw having the same combination of teeth as that shown in Fig. 9 but with still less shorter teeth. Fig. 12 1s a similar view of a saw with three grades of cuttin teeth and one grade of clearing teeth, said 0 earing teeth being shorter than the main clearing points shown in Fig. 4. Fig. 13 is a similar view of a saw with three grades of cutting teeth and'main clearing teethof one grade having auxiliary points of another grade, but diflering from that shown in Fig. 4'

1n the relative arrangement\ of said clearing and cutting teeth in each set or group. 'Fig.

14 is a similar view of a saw having two grades of cutting teeth and one gradeof clearing'teeth, said latter teeth being arranged in pairs. Fig. 15 is'a similar view of a'saw havades of cuttin teeth and one grade teeth being made in a different form from t ose in the other figures. Fig. 16 is; a broken side View of one end of a saw having two grades of cutting teeth and main clearing teeth of one grade having auxiliary points of another ade and showing the use of perforations in the blade and a series of cutting teeth of the shorter grade atthe end of said blade. Fig. 17 is a similar view of a saw having 1 two grades of cutting clearing teeth, sald teeth being arranged in a unique way. Fig. 18 is a broken side view of a saw having four grades of cutting teeth and no clearing teeth, an extra grade line being.

shown between levels a and b and levels 6 and b to indicate the levels of the clearing teeth.

A indicates a saw blade with a Iportion of its length broken away. Prefera ly, in all the differen t forms shown of said saw, the cut- Fig. 7 is teeth and one grade of ting teeth are beveled and set alternately in opposite lateral directions. The main or salient airs of cutting teeth are designated as a and t e shorter cutting teeth as b, or b or 6 These teeth any one or more of which may be employed and all 0 hich are shown in Fig. 18; are of different degrees of shortness, theing one degree, 6 two degrees, and 12 three de rees shorter than thepairs of teeth a.

he track-clearin teeth,. of which there are three forms, are designated 0 in Figs. 5, 8, 10, and 17; C in Figs. 4, 6,7, 9, 11 and 16; C in Fig. 12; C in Fig. 13 and C in Figs". 6, 14 and 15. The clearing teeth C and-C arethe same construction, bein single-pointed but'the teeth 0 are shorter t an the teeth C as hereinafter explained. The teeth C and C are of the same form, havin a main clearing point andan opposite auxiliary point, but

the teeth 0 are shorter than the teeth C.

The teeth C are double pointed and both of their points are main clearing points. Two forms of this double tooth C are shown, one in Figs. 6 and 15 and another in 'Fi 14. The main clearing points of each of t e various forms of clearing teeth are desi ated c and the main clearing faces 0. he auxiliary clearing points of the clearing teeth 0 and C are designated 0 and their auxiliary clearing faces 0 The cutting points of the clearing teeth C C3 and C are made shorter than usual as compared with the primary cutting edge of the saw. As to their relative de ree of shortness the two kinds of teeth I) and vary both specifically and independently, as much as may be necessary to properly regulate the cutting action of the saw, as will be hereinafter ting teeth a are of equal length. The spaces between said pairs of teeth a, are made longer requisite degree of coarseness or fineness to the saw, and in between these teeth are provided the necessary number of shorter teeth, all of which may be cutting teeth, as shown in used for cutting through tree-trunks or logs of considerable size, they may some of them be cutting and some of them clearing teeth,

arranged preferably as shown in Figs. 4 t9 17 incluslve, it being understood that the two kinds of teeth, namely, cutting and clearing is produced with V-s aped In Fig. 17 are shown the finishing 'or shorter, as may be required, to give the Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 18, and 1f the sawiis to be teeth ma be different in outline and size and 1 regulate as and for the purposes hereinafter described.

In the coarsest, ordinary cross-cut saw known to me,'pairs of cutting teeth are located four inches apart, from center to'center, with double pointed track clearers in middle of intervening spaces. Taking the above mentioned distance between the cutting teeth as about the practical limit, as to coarseness of saws in general use and in my construction considering the distance from center to center, of the jutting or salient pairs of will permit it to be made coarser than usual without seriously impairing its steady running and smooth-cutting qualities.

It is well known that the ordinary forms of coarse crosscuts have a tendency to run more or less roughl and that, if they be very coarse, they are 'lia le to catch or jump, especially when sawing through knots or across corners. In my construction, in order to make the saw coarser than usual and at the same time lessen the objectionable features just-referred to, as well as others herein mentioned, shorter-teeth are located between the jutting or salient pairs a, which consist preferably of the number and kind shown and all arranged as in the different figures and 'modified and regulated as described, so as to best adapt them to produce in an efficient manner the intended results.

The arrangement, modification, etc., of the teeth, as relating'to comparative coarseness or-fineness of the saw may be described as follows: In Figs. 10, 11, 16 and '17 two clearing teeth and two cutting teeth are located between the jutting or salient pairs of cutting teeth a. The distance from center to center of said jutting pairs 0, in the four figures just mentioned, may betaken as giving about a medium degree of coarseness to this kind of saw. In Fig. 14, one wide, double-pointed clearing tooth and two cutting teeth are located between said jutting or salient pairs (1, which gives a medium degree of coarseness, same as represented by Figs. 10, 11, 16 and '17 while in Fig. 15 a narrower double pointed clearing tooth is used. instead of the wider one shown in Fig. 14, which makes the saw a little finer than medium. It will be noted, that in Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 18 no clearing teeth are shown. Fig. 1 has four cutting teeth betweenthe jutting pairs (1,, which makes it a little finer than medium and Figs.- 2 and 3 are respectively made still finer having respectiyely one and two less intervening teeth. Flg. 3 represents'the finest form of the saw shown in any of the figures, while in Fig. 18 the saw is made slightly coarser than medium by using six cutting teeth between said pairs (1.

In Figs. 8 and 9 two .clearing teeth and three cutting teeth are shown between the utting pairs a, constituting the saw somewhat coarser than medium. In Figs. 4, 5, 7, 12 and 13 two clearing teeth and four cutting teeth are shown between the jutting pairs a,

'making the saw considerably coarser than medium, while in Fig. 6 three clearing teeth and four cutting teeth are shown between said pairs a, representing the coarsest form of the saw shown in any of the figures.

Of course it will be understood that any of the above described different forms of this saw may be made coarser or finer in the usual manner, that is, by making the teeth wider or by locating them farther apart or, reversely, by making them narrower or locating them nearer together.

All of the cutting teeth 0, 12, 1), and b are given precisely the same amount of set, so that, whenever the shorter ones enter the limits of the kerf in the act of sawing, whatever proportionate amount of cutting they ma do, or whether they do any at all, they wil at all times rub against the sides thereof and thus to some extent act as guides for the longer ones (which do the most cutting, thus tending to give the saw a steady running and smooth cutting action.

It is obvious that the penetrative power of a saw depends to a great extent upon the ar rangement, amount and evenness of the set, shape, etc., of its cutting teeth, because no matter what kind of clearing teeth may be used or in how good order they may be kept, they can neither rake, scrape nor plane off and remove the wood from the bottom pf the kerf more rapidly than it is severed by the former from the outlying boundaries thereof.

The arrangement, modification, etc. of the shorter intervening cutting teeth, so as to increase or decrease the relative penetrative power of the jutting or salient, pairs a of same, may be described as follows: In Figs.

3, 6', 7, 9, 11,14, 15, 1.6 and 17 all of the former are on the first level from, that is, one degree shorter than the latter, in which case all of the former will do a considerable amount of cutting and thereby counteract and consequently lessen the penetrative power of the latter more than they would if they were on the second level therefrom. In Figs. 5, 8 and 10, allot the former are on the second level from, that is, two degrees shorter than the'latter and consequently do a less amount of cutting than they would if they were on the first level therefrom, whereby the penetrative power of the latter is increased. In Figs. 1, 2 and 13, some of the former are on the first level and part is on the second level; in Fig. 12 some are on the first level and some are on the third level; in Fig. 4 some are on the second level and part is on the third level; and in Fig. 18some are on the first level, some on the second level, and some on the third level from the latter. In

the last six figures mentioned, namely, Figs.

i of the shorter cutting teeth, which are either therefore whatever proportionate amount of cutting any of the shorter teeth may do, it will always be done in line with, and below the bottom of, the gashes already made by the longer ones, thereby invariably promoting the penetrative action of the saw.

The different levels or degrees above'referred to lie preferably from about one thirty-second of an inch upward, to about one-sixteenth of an inch apart. Thus the cutting teeth, I), b, and b may be respectively about one thirty-second, one sixteenth and three-thirty-seconds of an inch shorter than the main or. salient cutting pairs of teeth a, or they may be respectively any intermedi ate distances upward, to a little more than one sixteenth, one eighth, and three sixteenths of an inch shorter than said pairs of teeth a, according to the relative'degree of penetrative power which it may be desired to give to the latter for the purpose of adapting the saw to varying conditions, such as comparatively thick or thin blades, comparatively lon or short or wide or narrow teeth, amount power and degree of curvature of cut'tin edge required, and size and quality of timl ier to be cut.

Now it will be readily understood that it is practicable to relatively increase or decrease the penetrative power of the main or salient cutting pairs of teeth a by shortening or lengthening, in the manner described, the shorter intervening cutting teeth located between said salient teeth, thereby relatively increasingpr decreasing the positive penetrative action of the saw,-as may be desired, Whether it be comparatively coarse or fine.

* The arrangement, modification, etc., of the track clearing teeth may be described as follows: In Figs. 4 to 11 inclusive, also in Figs. 16 and 17, the clearing teeth C and C each of which is provided with a single cutting point 0, are located next to, and on both sides of,

the pairs of main cutting teeth a, with their cutting points c and main clearance faces 0 facing respectively toward the respective pairs of teeth a, except, at the outermost sides of the last of said airs of teeth a, near the ends of the blade, wliere finishing teeth 9 may be used, as will be explained farther on. In the ten figures last mentioned above, the cutting points a of said clearers C and C are located at about the same distance from the points of said pairs of teeth a as like points are from like points in ordinary saws. There fore, the degree of shortness of said cutting points 0, as compared with the points of.sai

pairs of teeth a, to adapt them to varying conditions, are about the same as in said ordinary saws. So in this case, said cutting points a are made from a little less than threesixty-fourths of an inch upward, to a little more than one sixteenth of an inch shorter than said pairs of teeth a, as may be re uired, to suit hard, medium hard or soft woo s.

c of the clearers (3?, C and C and the pairs of main or salient cutting teeth a, said clearers C C and C, therefor, being shorter than the clearers C, 0 shown, respectively, in Figs. 5,

In Figs. 12 to 15 inclusive, one shorter cuttingtooth bis located between the cutting points- 8, 10, and 17 and in Figs. 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, and

1.6, and which are placed next to the pairs of main or salient cutting teeth. In Fig. 6, two of said shorter cutting teeth I), and one clearing tooth C are located between the cutting points 0 of the clearers C and said pairs of account of the dro "-'of the saw, the cutting points 0 of said 0 carers C, C and C necessarily have to be made comparatively shorter than in ordinary saws; also, in order ICQ to adapt them to the necessary modification of sai shorter cutting teeth I), hereinbefore described, it is likewise necessary to vary their degree of shortness more than usual. Consequently they are made from a little less than one thirty-second of an inch upward, to

a little more than three sixty-fourths of an inch shorter than the first cutting tooth b located in front of their clearance faces 0, as may be required to suit different qualities of wood. Although said short teeth are neces sarily shorter than usual, as compared with the primary cutting edge of the saw, as represented by the points of the cutting teeth a, yet the drop ,of the saw will keep their cutting points 0 near enough to the bottom of the kerf to cause them to do effective work.

The drop of the saw ma beexplained as follows: Assuming a sawli e the one repre sented in Fig. 15 to be in action and moving in the direction indicated by the arrow n, the teeth both to the right and left of the point m will be cutting and consequently sinking or, as it were dropping into the wood as the saw moves forward. And by the time the cutting point e of the first clearing tooth at the right has reached the point m, it will have descended suificiently to bring said point 0 near enough to the level of the bottoms of the 55 with a file; 'The manner of forming said gashes made by the cutting teeth ahead of it, to cause it to do effective work, as it is obvious that, other things being e ual, intwice the distance the amount'of about twice, as great.

The clearing teeth C and G shown in Figs. 4 to 11 inclusive, also those shown in Figs. 16 and 17 are, as it were, interchangeable, that is, either form may be used instead of the other. Also, the same rule applies to the clearers C and C shown in Figs. 12 and 13. The points 0 of the 'clearers C and C are made about one sixteenth of an inch shorter than their respective opposite cutting points 0, thereby preventing said points c from doing any appreciable amount of cutting.

Hence, it is obvious that, whether the single or double pointed form of said clearers is used at thepoints indicated inthe figures just mentioned, the penetrative action of the saw will remain the same. modified non-cutting form of points 0 as described, the faces 0 adjoining thereto, will 5; v clearance capacity of the saw, which will be serve as auxiliaries tothe opposite main clearance faces 0, therebv increasing the of advantage if it is to be used for cutting through thick timbers. The clearin teeth (1 shown in Figs. 6, 14 and 15,. being Iocated in the center of the spaces between the main cutting pairs of teeth a, are each provided with opposite cutting points 0 on the same level and two clearance faces 0 facing in opposite directions, soas ,to cause them re spectively, to come into action with each reciprocal movement of the saw. I

The cutting points 0 of all the clearing teeth are preferably provided with short vtransverse planing edges by bending their clearance faces 0, as at 0", Figs. 9, 10, etc.',

sharpened points downward toward the because, if said points 0 are kept at .the

proper relative degree of-shortness, said laning edges will, keep the wood planed 0E 111 the bottom of the kerf, nearly even with the bottoms of the gashes made by the cut- .ting teeth and thereby promote the pen'e f =.trative action of the saw. Said bent or battered down portions 0 have their outer lateral 'edes slightly chamfered, preferably by filing t e same to insure a cutting action' thereof upon the wood. Also, at certain times, it may be easier or preferable to shorten the non-cutting points a by bending them downward, than by shortening them planing edges will be more fully described presently.

In'order to prevent the pairs of main cut tween said teeth in any of the "different forms, somewhat as shownin Fig. 15 or Fig.

I rop will be But, by using the pairs of teeth a.

perforations d, somewhat after the manner shown in Fig. 16, the advantages of which are well known.

' Two methods of. finishing the ends of the blade are illustrated in Figs. 16 and 17 In the former the finishing teeth I) extend-to the very end of the blade and are one degree shorter than the jutting pairs a, while in the latter, a blank space extends inward a short distance from the end of blade and the finishing teeth 9 are on the same .level as the pairs of teeth a. In either or any form of the saw shown, as many of any suitable kind of teeth as may be necessary to properly finish the ends of the blade, beyond the outermost pairs of teeth a, maybe used, or in any of said forms its ends may be finished in any other suitable manner.

' In Fig. 18, the dotted 1 line y-y corresponds to the curvature of the cutting edge of the saw, as it would appear if taken at the points of the jutting or salient pairs of teeth a, but the degree, or degrees of shortness of the intervening teeth is ascertained by measuring in right lines, as 00, extending from point to point of the nearest teeth ineach of said pairs of teeth a.

In this construction of saw, it will be observed that the arrangement of the teeth as shown and described, gives a more or less sinuous or wave-like outline to its cutting edge. It will also be observed that its penetrative'action may be regulated in two distinct ways, namely, by locating a larger or smaller number of teeth between the main cutting pairs of teeth a or by shortening or lengthening, in the manner described, the

shorter cutting teeth located between said And, also, it will be noted, that its clearing action is necessarily regulated by shortening or lengthening its clearing teeth regardless of the contour of its cutting edge as indicatedby the points of its cutting teeth. 'While it is desirable to preserve a true sinuous outline along its cutting edge as far as may be possible or practicable, yet, as it'seems tobe out of the question to do so at all times, owing to the different functions of the two kinds of teeth used and by" reason of such necessary modifications of its cutting teeth as the nature of: the case may require, in order to give it as wide a range of usefulness as may be practicable; therefore,

whatever degree of sinuosity may be shown in any of the different forms illustrated, it -should be considered simply as an incidental 0r circumstantial rather than an essential feature of the invention. For example: if in a saw, modified somewhat as represented in Figs. 6, 7, 9, 11, 16 or 17 the cutting teeth I) are made one thirty-second of an inch, or any less distance, shorter than the main cutting pairs of teeth a, it would then be necessary to make the clearing teeth C or C, as the case may be, a little shorter than said cutting teeth I), in order to prevent their cutting points a from being brought down, as by the drop of thesaw, below the level of the bottoms of the gashes made by said pairs of teeth a, in which case,.of course, the saw would not work satisfactorily. Hence, it is obvi0us,'that it is hardly practicable to always preserve a true sinuous outline along its cutting edge, Without restricting its range ofusefulness more or less.

In any of its forms, the points of all of the intervening teeth might be made only a little shorter, say about one thirty-second of one inch, than the jutting or salient'pairs a when the saw is being manufactured, in which case, the user could afterward regulate it to suit the particular work at hand. This method of making the saw would evidently be of advantage to both manufacturer and user, as

the former need not keep so large a stock parting from the spirit of the invention and consequently may be used. in connection therewith.

Having thus described my invention, What I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is:

1. A saw having pairs of alternately set salient or main cutting teeth and separate single cutting teeth being set laterally to the same lanes as said pairs of cutting teeth, and aternating with said pairs of cutting teeth.

2. A saw having pairs of alternately set salient or main cutting teeth, and other cutting teeth of different lengths alternating with said salient cutting teeth, all of the cutting teeth being set laterally to the same planes.

3. A saw having pairs of alternately set sa-- lient or main cutting teeth, other cutting teeth and clearing teeth alternating with said salient cutting teeth, all of the cutting teeth being set laterally to the same planes.

In testimony whereof, I aflix my signature, in presence of two witnesses.

Witnesses:

L. M. WOODSIDE, L. E. WALTERS.

WILLIAM A. MILLER. 

